What is the action of folic acid supplementation during preconception?

Folic acid supplementation during the preconception period is essential primarily because of its role in reducing the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the developing fetus. Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, occur in the early stages of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows she is pregnant. Research has shown that adequate levels of folate, a B-vitamin, are critical for the proper development of the neural tube. By supplementing with folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy, women can significantly lower the risk of these serious birth defects. This preventative measure is why health guidelines recommend folic acid supplementation for women of childbearing age who are planning to conceive.

Folic acid does not primarily function to boost energy levels, enhance iron absorption, or prevent morning sickness, making those choices less relevant in the context of its intended action during the preconception period.